ter the withdrawal of Roman troops, Britain entered the Anglo-Saxon period, during which Germanic tribes migrated and established multiple small kingdoms, gradually forming the embryonic form of English national culture and language.
In 1066, the Norman Conquest marked a crucial turning point in British history. The Norman aristocracy established a strict feudal system, introduced French culture and institutional systems, and integrated Anglo-Saxon traditions with European continental civilization, laying the foundation for Britain’s unique feudal monarchy and legal system. Throughout the Middle Ages, Britain experienced frequent royal power struggles, religious reforms, and regional conflicts, gradually forming the parliamentary system that would be the core of modern British democracy.
The early modern period witnessed Britain’s transformation from a feudal kingdom to a modern capitalist country. The Tudor Dynasty promoted religious reform, abolished the authority of